C-408/98 Abbey National

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Fifth Chamber)

22 February 2001 *

In Case C-408/98,

REFERENCE to the Court under Article 177 of the EC Treaty (now Article 234 EC) by the High Court of Justice of England and Wales, Queen's Bench Division (Divisional Court), for a preliminary ruling in the proceedings pending before that court between

Abbey National pic

and

Commissioners of Customs and Excise,

on the interpretation of Articles 5(8) and 17(2)(a) of the Sixth Council Directive 77/388/EEC of 17 May 1977 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to turnover taxes — Common system of value added tax: uniform basis of assessment (OJ 1977 L 145, p. 1),

* Language of the case: English.

THE COURT (Fifth Chamber),

composed of: D.A.O. Edward, acting as President of the Fifth Chamber, P. Jann and L. Sevón (Rapporteur), Judges,

Advocate General: EG. Jacobs, Registrar: L. Hewlett, Administrator,

after considering the written observations submitted on behalf of:

— Abbey National plc, by R. Cordara QC and D. Southern, Barrister, instructed by S. Rose, Solicitor,

— the United Kingdom Government, by R. Magrill, acting as Agent, and K. Parker QC and M. Hall, Barrister,

— the Netherlands Government, by M.A. Fierstra, acting as Agent,

— the Commission of the European Communities, by E. Traversa and F. Riddy, acting as Agents,

having regard to the Report for the Hearing, after hearing the oral observations of Abbey National plc, the United Kingdom Government and the Commission, represented by R. Lyal, acting as Agent, at the hearing on 23 February 2000,

after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 13 April 2000,

gives the following

Judgment

Legal context and the dispute

1By order of 2 November 1998, received at the Court on 17 November 1998, the High Court of Justice of England and Wales, Queen's Bench Division (Divisional Court), referred to the Court for a preliminary ruling under Article 177 of the EC Treaty (now Article 234 EC) three questions on the interpretation of Articles 5(8) and 17(2)(a) of the Sixth Council Directive 77/388/EEC of 17 May 1977 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to turnover taxes — Common system of value added tax: uniform basis of assessment (OJ 1977 L 145, p. 1, 'the Sixth Directive').

2Those questions were raised in proceedings between Abbey National plc ('Abbey National') and the Commissioners of Customs and Excise ('the Commissioners') concerning the right to deduct the value added tax (VAT) paid on the fees for various services acquired in order to effect the transfer of a property as a going concern.

Legal background

Community legislation

3The second paragraph of Article 2 of the First Council Directive 67/227/EEC of 11 April 1967 on the harmonisation of legislation of Member States concerning turnover taxes (OJ, English Special Edition 1967, p. 14, 'the First Directive') prescribes that '[o]n each transaction, value added tax, calculated on the price of the goods or services at the rate applicable to such goods or services, shall be chargeable after deduction of the amount of value added tax borne directly by the various cost components'.

4Article 2(1) of the Sixth Directive prescribes that the supply of goods or services effected for consideration within the territory of the country by a taxable person acting as such is to be subject to VAT.

5Under Article 5(8) of the Sixth Directive:

'In the event of a transfer, whether for consideration or not or as a contribution to a company, of a totality of assets or part thereof, Member States may consider that no supply of goods has taken place and in that event the recipient shall be treated as the successor to the transferor. Where appropriate, Member States may take the necessary measures to prevent distortion of competition in cases where the recipient is not wholly liable to tax.'

6Under Article 13C(a), 'Member States may allow taxpayers a right of option for taxation in cases of ... letting and leasing of immovable property'.

7Article 17(2)(a) of the Sixth Directive states:

'In so far as the goods and services are used for the purposes of his taxable transactions, the taxable person shall be entitled to deduct from the tax which he is liable to pay:

(a) value added tax due or paid in respect of goods or services supplied or to be supplied to him by another taxable person'.

8As regards goods and services used by a taxable person both for transactions in respect of which VAT is deductible and for transactions in respect of which VAT is not deductible, the first subparagraph of Article 17(5) of the Sixth Directive states that 'only such proportion of the value added tax shall be deductible as is attributable to the former transactions'. The second subparagraph of Article 17(5) states that '[t]his proportion shall be determined, in accordance with Article 19, for all the transactions carried out by the taxable person'.

National legislation

9It appears from the order for reference that the United Kingdom, making use of the option provided for in Article 5(8) of the Sixth Directive, adopted inter alia Regulation 5(1) of the Value Added Tax (Special Provisions) Order (SI 1995 No 1268, 'the VAT Order'), which replaced Regulation 5(1) of the Value Added Tax (Special Provisions) Order (SI 1992 No 3129). Under that provision, where a person transfers a business or part of a business as a going concern, the transfer is neither regarded as a supply of goods nor as a supply of services. The transferee must use the assets for carrying on the same kind of business as the transferor, and must be, or immediately become, a taxable person. In the case of a transfer of part of a business, that part must be capable of separate operation.

The main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling

10Scottish Mutual Assurance pic ('Scottish Mutual'), a life assurance company, is a 100% subsidiary of Abbey National, which represents it for VAT purposes.

11In addition to its insurance business, Scottish Mutual carries on a business leasing premises for professional or commercial use. As part of that activity, it held a 125-year lease of Atholl House, Aberdeen, a building for professional and commercial use which it sublet to commercial tenants. Scottish Mutual had opted to charge VAT on the rent it received for Atholl House, in accordance with the United Kingdom legislation transposing Article 13C(a) of the Sixth Directive, and was thus able to recover all the input VAT paid on the costs connected with ownership of the building.

12By a contract of 16 December 1992, Scottish Mutual sold its rights under the 125-year lease and its rights in the sub-lease for GBP 5 400 000 to a company not belonging to the same group. The Commissioners considered that the sale constituted a transfer as a going concern within the meaning of Regulation 5¹ of the VAT Order, that the other conditions in that regulation were satisfied, and that no VAT was therefore due on the sale price.

13However, in order to effect the transfer, Scottish Mutual used various services and thus incurred professional fees, on which it had to pay GBP 4 365 as VAT.

14The Commissioners considered that only part of the input VAT paid on those costs could be recovered. Abbey National, which contended that it was entitled to recover all the VAT, applied to the VAT and Duties Tribunal in London. That application was dismissed by decision of 9 June 1997. Abbey National then appealed to the High Court of Justice.

15In those circumstances, the High Court stayed the proceedings and referred the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:

' 1. Having regard to the terms of Article 17(2) of the Sixth VAT Directive, do the words in Article 5(8) thereof "the recipient shall be treated as the successor to the transferor" require that the recipient's supplies should be treated as if they had been made by the transferor, for the purpose of determining the transferor's input tax deduction?

2. In the event of "a transfer... of a totality of assets or part thereof" within Article 5(8) of the Sixth VAT Directive, where the Member State, by virtue of national measures adopted pursuant to that article, considers that no supply of goods or services has taken place, may the taxpayer, upon the proper interpretation of Articles 5(8) and 17(2), deduct the whole of the input tax in respect of costs attributable to the transfer, if the taxpayer would, apart from the application of Article 5(8), be obliged to account for output tax on the transfer?

3. Where the economic activity of the transferor prior to the transaction falling within Article 5(8) has been fully taxable, is input tax deductible in respect of a payment made in connection with the termination of that activity?'

The questions referred for a preliminary ruling

16By those three questions, which it is appropriate to consider together, the national court is essentially asking whether, in circumstances where a Member State has exercised the option in Article 5(8) of the Sixth Directive, so that the transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof is regarded as not being a supply of goods, the transferor may deduct the VAT on the costs of the services acquired in order to effect the transfer.

Arguments of the parties

17Abbey National contends that, where a totality of assets or part thereof is transferred, the transferor is entitled to deduct the input VAT on the expenditure he has incurred for the services acquired in order to carry out the transfer.

18It submits in particular that for VAT purposes, where the transferor and the transferee both, one before and one after the transfer, use the assets of the transferred business to make fully taxable supplies, the transferor may under Article 5(8) of the Sixth Directive take account of the transferee's taxable supplies so as to recover the input VAT in full. In other words, although there is no taxable transaction as such, for the purposes of input VAT there is still a direct and immediate link with the transferee's taxable economic activities relating to the assets transferred.

19The Netherlands Government observes that, where a Member State has opted to apply Article 5(8) of the Sixth Directive, the goods and services — which are taxable by nature — supplied in connection with the transfer of the totality of assets or part thereof are 'ignored'. Such a 'silent' substitution of one taxable person for another, for the purposes of the application of VAT, can relate only to the ordinary economic activities of the transferor. Those economic activities must also determine the right to deduct the VAT on the costs incurred by him in order to effect the transfer. If the taxable person makes only exempt supplies, there is no right to deduct. If he makes both taxable supplies and exempt supplies, the pro rata rule in Articles 17(5) and 19 of the Sixth Directive applies. If the transferor's ordinary economic activities, prior to a transfer falling within Article 5(8) of the Sixth Directive, were taxed in full, the input VAT paid on the costs incurred for the purposes of the cessation of those activities is deductible.

20The United Kingdom Government submits that, since the costs incurred in order to effect the transfer were used for the purposes of a transaction which was not taxable, there is no right to deduct the input VAT paid on those costs. A contrary interpretation would jeopardise the neutrality of VAT, as the taxable person would then, in respect of the same transaction, have the financial benefit of a deduction of the input VAT without the corresponding obligation to account for the output VAT.

21In the alternative, the United Kingdom Government argues that the costs incurred as a result of terminating a taxable activity in the context of a principal economic activity comprising both taxable and exempt supplies may be characterised as overheads. As non-attributable input tax, the deductible proportion of that tax must therefore be determined by a method authorised by Article 17(5) of the Sixth Directive.

22The Commission submits that it is necessary to examine whether the services acquired by the transferor in order to effect the transfer have a sufficiently direct and immediate link with a taxable economic activity. It appears from Article 5(8) of the Sixth Directive that on a transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof there is no supply of goods and the same economic activity continues. The costs incurred to acquire those services are therefore costs incurred for the purposes of that economic activity, that is to say, overheads of the business transferred.

23However, as regards the application of Article 17(5) of the Sixth Directive, the Commission merely observes that the costs incurred for those services may be regarded either as overheads of the economic activity transferred, in which case the transferor can deduct all the VAT charged on them, or as overheads of the economic activity of the transferor taken as a whole.

Grounds

Findings of the Court

24It should be noted, to begin with, that the deduction system is meant to relieve the trader entirely of the burden of the VAT payable or paid in the course of all his economic activities. The common system of VAT consequently ensures complete neutrality of taxation of all economic activities, whatever their purpose or results, provided that they are themselves subject in principle to VAT (see, to that effect, Case 268/83 Rompelman v Minister van Financiën [1985] ECR 655, paragraph 19; Case C-37/95 Belgian State v Ghent Coal Terminal [1998] ECR I-1, paragraph 15; Joined Cases C-110/98 to C-147/98 Gabalfrisa and Others v Agencia Estatal de Administración Tributaria [2000] ECR I-1577, paragraph 44; and Case C-98/98 Customs and Excise v Midland Bank [2000] ECR I-4177, paragraph 19).

25Article 17(5) of the Sixth Directive, in the light of which paragraph 2 of that article must be interpreted, lays down the rules applicable to the right to deduct VAT where the VAT relates to input transactions used by the taxable person 'both for transactions covered by paragraphs 2 and 3, in respect of which value added tax is deductible, and for transactions in respect of which value added tax is not deductible'. The use in that provision of the words 'for transactions' shows that to give rise to the right to deduct under paragraph 2 the goods or services acquired must have a direct and immediate link with the output transactions which give rise to the right to deduct, and that the ultimate aim pursued by the taxable person is irrelevant in this respect (see Case C-4/94 BLP Group v Customs and Excise [1995] ECR I-983, paragraphs 18 and 19, and Midland Bank, paragraph 20).

26As the Court held in paragraph 24 of Midland Bank, Article 2 of the First Directive and Article 17(2), (3) and (5) of the Sixth Directive must be interpreted as meaning that, in principle, the existence of a direct and immediate link between a particular input transaction and a particular output transaction or transactions giving rise to the right to deduct is necessary before the taxable person is entitled to deduct input VAT and in order to determine the extent of such entitlement.

27It should also be borne in mind that, according to the fundamental principle which underlies the VAT system, and which follows from Article 2 of the First Directive and Article 2 of the Sixth Directive, VAT applies to each transaction by way of production or distribution after deduction of the VAT directly borne by the various cost components {Midland Bank, paragraph 29).

28It follows from that principle, as well as from the rule that, in order to give rise to the right to deduct, the goods or services acquired must have a direct and immediate link with the taxable transactions, that the right to deduct the VAT borne by those goods or services presupposes that the expenditure incurred in acquiring them was part of the cost components of the taxable transactions. That expenditure must therefore form part of the costs of the output transactions which use the goods and services acquired. Consequently, those cost components must generally have arisen before the taxable person carried out the taxable transactions to which they relate (see Midland Bank, paragraph 30).

29The Court must therefore examine whether there is a direct and immediate link between the various services acquired by the transferor in order to effect the transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof and one or more taxable output transactions.

30Article 5(8) of the Sixth Directive provides that Member States may, on a transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof, consider that no supply of goods has taken place and that the recipient is the successor to the transferor. It follows that if a Member State has made use of that option the transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof is not regarded as a supply of goods for the purposes of the Sixth Directive. Under Article 2 of the directive, such a transfer is thus not subject to VAT, and consequently cannot constitute a taxable transaction within the meaning of Article 17(2).

31Abbey National, however, submits that since under Article 5(8) of the Sixth Directive the transferee is the successor of the transferor, the transferor may take into account the taxable supplies of the transferee so as to be able to deduct all the VAT on the expenditure incurred for the services acquired in order to effect the transfer.

32That argument cannot be accepted. First, it is clear from Article 17(2) of the Sixth Directive that a taxable person may deduct only the VAT on the goods and services used for the purposes of his own taxable transactions. Second, in any event, the amount of VAT paid by the transferor on the costs incurred for the services acquired in order to carry out a transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof does not directly burden the various cost components of the transferee's taxable transactions, as required by Article 2 of the First Directive. Those costs do not form part of the costs of the output transactions which use the goods and services acquired.

33Abbey National's argument that, if the transaction had been an ordinary transfer of business assets and hence a taxable transaction, Scottish Mutual would have been able to deduct the VAT on the costs of the various services acquired in order to carry out that transaction under Article 17(2) of the Sixth Directive must also be rejected. The fact that the transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof does not constitute a taxable transaction for the purposes of that article is simply the inevitable consequence of the fact that the Member State concerned has opted to apply Article 5(8) and that the transfer is not therefore regarded as a supply of services. Consequently, it is immaterial whether the transfer of business assets would have constituted a taxable transaction giving rise to the right to deduct that expenditure if the Member State had not exercised the option provided for in that article.

34It follows that the various services acquired by the transferor in order to effect the transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof do not have a direct and immediate link with one or more output transactions giving rise to the right to deduct.

35However, the costs of those services form part of the taxable person's overheads, and as such are cost components of the products of a business. Even in the case of a transfer of a totality of assets, where the taxable person no longer effects transactions after using those services, their costs must be regarded as part of the economic activity of the business as a whole before the transfer. Any other interpretation of Article 17 of the Sixth Directive would be contrary to the principle that the VAT system must be completely neutral as regards the tax burden on all the economic activities of a business provided that they are themselves subject to VAT, and would make the economic operator liable to pay VAT in the context of his economic activity without giving him the possibility of deducting it (see, to that effect, Gabalfrisa, paragraph 45). An arbitrary distinction would thus be drawn between expenditure incurred for the purposes of a business before it is actually operated and that incurred during its operation, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the expenditure incurred in order to terminate its operation.

36Thus in principle the various services used by the transferor for the purposes of the transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof have a direct and immediate link with the whole economic activity of that taxable person.

37It follows from Article 17(5) of the Sixth Directive that a taxable person who effects both transactions in respect of which VAT is deductible and transactions in respect of which it is not may deduct only that proportion of the VAT which is attributable to the former transactions.

38However, as the Court held in paragraph 26 of the Midland Bank judgment, a taxable person who effects transactions in respect of which VAT is deductible and transactions in respect of which it is not may nevertheless deduct the VAT charged on the goods or services acquired by him, where those goods or services have a direct and immediate link with the output transactions in respect of which VAT is deductible, without it being necessary to differentiate according to whether Article 17(2), (3) or (5) of the Sixth Directive applies.

39That rule must apply also to the costs of the goods and services which form part of the overheads relating to a part of a taxable person's economic activities which is clearly defined and in which all the transactions are subject to VAT, since those goods and services thus have a direct and immediate link with that part of his economic activities.

40So if the various services acquired by the transferor in order to effect the transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof have a direct and immediate link with a clearly defined part of his economic activities, so that the costs of those services form part of the overheads of that part of the business, and all the transactions relating to that part are subject to VAT, he may deduct all the VAT charged on his costs of acquiring those services.

41It is for the national court to determine whether those criteria are satisfied in the case in point in the main proceedings.

42The answer to the questions referred must therefore be that, where a Member State has made use of the option in Article 5(8) of the Sixth Directive, so that the transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof is regarded as not being a supply of goods, the costs incurred by the transferor for services acquired in order to effect that transfer form part of that taxable person's overheads and thus in principle have a direct and immediate link with the whole of his economic activity. If, therefore, the transferor effects both transactions in respect of which VAT is deductible and transactions in respect of which it is not, it follows from Article 17(5) of the Sixth Directive that he may deduct only that proportion of the VAT which is attributable to the former transactions. However, if the various services acquired by the transferor in order to effect the transfer have a direct and immediate link with a clearly defined part of his economic activities, so that the costs of those services form part of the overheads of that part of the business, and all the transactions relating to that part of the business are subject to VAT, he may deduct all the VAT charged on his costs of acquiring those services.

Costs

Costs

13 The costs incurred by the United Kingdom and Netherlands Governments and by the Commission, which have submitted observations to the Court, are not recoverable. Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court.

Operative part

On those grounds,

THE COURT (Fifth Chamber)

in answer to the questions referred to it by the High Court of Justice of England and Wales, Queen's Bench Division (Divisional Court), by order of 2 November 1998, hereby rules:

Where a Member State has made use of the option in Article 5(8) of the Sixth Council Directive 77/388/EEC of 17 May 1977 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to turnover taxes — Common system of value added tax: uniform basis of assessment, so that the transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof is regarded as not being a supply of goods, the costs incurred by the transferor for services acquired in order to effect that transfer form part of that taxable person's overheads and thus in principle have a direct and immediate link with the whole of his economic activity. If, therefore, the transferor effects both transactions in respect of which value added tax is deductible and transactions in respect of which it is not, it follows from Article 17(5) of the Sixth Directive 77/388 that he may deduct only that proportion of the value added tax which is attributable to the former transactions. However, if the various services acquired by the transferor in order to effect the transfer have a direct and immediate link with a clearly defined part of his economic activities, so that the costs of those services form part of the overheads of that part of the business, and all the transactions relating to that part of the business are subject to value added tax, he may deduct all the value added tax charged on his costs of acquiring those services.

Edward Jann Sevón

Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 22 February 2001.

R. Grass A. La Pergola

Registrar President of the Fifth Chamber

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL JACOBS delivered on 13 April 2000 1

1 Under Article 5(8) of the Sixth VAT 2 Directive, Member States may consider that, where 'a totality of assets or part thereof' is transferred, 'no supply of goods has taken place' and the recipient is to be 'treated as the successor to the transferor'. Where a Member State exercises that option, is the result merely that no VAT is payable in respect of the transfer itself, or is it also the case that any VAT payable by the transferor on services received in connection with the transfer is non-deductible because it is not attributable to a taxable supply? In other words, must the transfer be treated in the same way as a supply which is exempt from VAT under Article 13 of the Sixth Directive or does it fall into a different category of 'non-supply' and, if the latter, how should it be treated?

Relevant legislative provisions

Community provisions

1The principle on which VAT operates is set out as follows in Article 2 of the First VAT Directive: '

'The principle of the common system of value added tax involves the application to goods and services of a general tax on consumption exactly proportional to the price of the goods and services, whatever the number of transactions which take place in the production and distribution process before the stage at which tax is charged.

On each transaction, value added tax, calculated on the price of the goods or services at the rate applicable to such goods and services, shall be chargeable after deduction of the amount of value added tax borne directly by the various cost components.' 4

3The deduction system is designed to avoid a cumulative effect where VAT has also been levied on goods and/or services used in order to produce those supplied — that is to say, to avoid VAT being levied anew on VAT already charged. By its operation, a chain of transactions builds up, in which the net amount payable in respect of each link is a specified proportion of the value added at that stage. When the chain comes to an end, the total amount levied will have been the relevant proportion of the final price.

4Under Article 2 of the Sixth Directive, a supply of goods or services effected for consideration by a taxable person acting as such is subject to VAT. According to Article 4(1), a taxable person is a person who carries out an economic activity, whatever the purpose or result of that activity. Economic activities include, under Article 4(2), the exploitation of tangible or intangible property for the purpose of obtaining income therefrom on a continuing basis.

5Article 5 defines supplies of goods. Under Article 5(1), a supply of goods means the transfer of the right to dispose of tangible property as owner. The remainder of the paragraphs of that article provide, essentially, positive definitions of what is or may be considered to be a supply and what is or may be considered to be tangible property. The latter may include, under Article 5(3), certain interests in and rights over immovable property. In addition to those positive definitions, however, Article 5(8) provides:

'In the event of a transfer, whether for consideration or not or as a contribution to a company, of a totality of assets or part thereof, Member States may consider that no supply of goods has taken place and in that event the recipient shall be treated as the successor to the transferor. Where appropriate, Member States may take the necessary measures to prevent distortion of competition in cases where the recipient is not wholly liable to tax.'

6Under Article 6(5), Article 5(8) applies in like manner to the supply of services.

7It is important to bear in mind that the provision in Article 5(8) is included in the definition of a supply of goods (and, by virtue of Article 6(5), of a supply of services) and not in the list of exemptions from VAT which are contained, except as regards international trade, in Article 13. Article 13(A) lists exemptions for certain activities in the public interest. Article 13(B) lists a number of other exempt transactions, including (a) insurance transactions and (b) the leasing or letting of immovable property, but Article 13(C) authorises Member States to allow taxpayers to opt for taxation for certain of those transactions, including (a) the leasing or letting of immovable property.

8Deductions are governed by Articles 17 to 20.

9Article 17(2)(a) states: 'In so far as the goods and services are used for the purposes of his taxable transactions, the taxable person shall be entitled to deduct from the tax which he is liable to pay ... value added tax due or paid in respect of goods or services supplied or to be supplied to him by another taxable person.'

10Where goods and services are used by a taxable person both for transactions in respect of which VAT is deductible and for transactions in respect of which it is not, Article 17(5) of the Sixth Directive states that 'only such proportion of the value added tax shall be deductible as is attributable to the former transactions' and 'this proportion shall be determined, in accordance with Article 19, for all the transactions carried out by the taxable person'. Article 19 provides, basically, for deduction of a fraction equivalent to turnover in VAT-deductible transactions divided by total turnover.

National implementing provisions

11The United Kingdom legislation pursuant to Article 5(3) of the Sixth Directive treats the transfer of a major interest in land as a supply of goods. In Scotland, where the property in issue in the present case is situated, the definition of a 'major interest' includes the lessee's interest under a lease for a period of not less than 20 years.

12The option in Article 5(8) of the Sixth Directive has been exercised by, inter alia, Regulation 5(1) of the Value Added Tax (Special Provisions) Order (SI 1992/3129) ('the VAT Order'), 6u nder which, where a person transfers (a) his business or (b) part of his business to another person as a going concern, the supply of the business assets is to be treated as neither a supply of goods nor a supply of services. In both cases, such treatment is subject to the condition that the transferee must use the assets for carrying on the same kind of business as the transferor and must be, or must immediately become, a taxable person. In the case of a transfer of part of a business, there is the further condition that the part must be capable of separate operation.

13Finally, the United Kingdom has applied Article 13(B)(b) and (C)(a) of the Sixth Directive by making the grant of any interest in or right over land an exempt supply, but by allowing owners of commercial property or of interests in commercial property to waive the exemption in respect of particular buildings.

Factual and procedural background

14The essential facts of the case in the main proceedings, as they appear from the national court's order for reference and accompanying file and from the observations to the Court, are as follows.

15Scottish Mutual Assurance pic ('Scottish Mutual') is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Abbey National plc ('Abbey National'), which represents it for VAT purposes. It is partly exempt from VAT; in addition to its insurance business (which is exempt pursuant to Article 13(B)(a)), it operates a commercial property-letting business, in respect of which it has opted for taxation in accordance with the United Kingdom rules implementing Article 13(C)(a). It thus charges VAT on rents, and deducts from that VAT input tax incurred in running the business. With regard to residual input tax which cannot be attributed directly either to taxable or to exempt transactions, the Abbey National group has agreed with the Commissioners of Customs and Excise ('the Commissioners') on an apportionment method in accordance with the United Kingdom provisions implementing Articles 17(5) and 19.

16In the course of its property-letting business, Scottish Mutual acquires and disposes of property from time to time. One such property was Atholl House, in Aberdeen, which it held on a 125-year lease running from 1976 and which was sublet on a 40-year lease. In 1993, it sold its interest in the 125-year lease, with the sub tenancy, to an unconnected company, as an ongoing business in respect of which the latter, too, had opted for taxation. Pursuant to Regulation 5(1) of the VAT Order, no VAT was payable on the transfer price of GBP 5 400 000.

17In connection with the transfer, however, Scottish Mutual incurred professional fees on which VAT of GBP 4 365.04 was charged. Considering that sum to be input tax attributable to a transaction in the course of its taxable business, the company deducted it from its output tax. Following an assessment in 1994, the Commissioners took the view that the sale of Atholl House was a transfer of a going concern by Scottish Mutual and as such not a taxable supply to which input tax could be attributed. A proportion of the VAT determined by the agreed method of apportionment of residual, non-attributable, input tax could none the less be deducted.

18Abbey National challenged the assessment before the VAT and Duties Tribunal, London, which dismissed its appeal in 1997. The Tribunal decided, essentially, that the right to deduct arises where goods or services are used for the purposes of, and are directly and immediately linked to, a taxable transaction; the transfer of Atholl House was not a taxable transaction and could thus not itself form the basis for a right to deduct; indeed, the Tribunal proceeded on the basis that the transfer was not a transfer of a going concern but fell within the management of Scottish Mutual's property investment portfolio; however, Scottish Mutual's property-letting business was intended to provide funds to meet claims in the course of its insurance business; expenses incurred in connection with the transfer were thus overheads directly and immediately linked to the company's supplies, both taxable and exempt; the assessment was consequently made on the correct basis.

19Abbey National then appealed to the English High Court which, on 2 November 1998, noting that the transfer was agreed between the parties to be (contrary to the finding of the VAT Tribunal) a transfer of a going concern, and that the case involved a matter of VAT law which was of wide spread concern to the commercial property industry but on which the Court of Justice had not yet ruled, sought a preliminary ruling from the Court on the following questions:

'1. Having regard to the terms of Article 17(2) of the Sixth VAT Directive, do the words in Article 5(8) thereof "the recipient shall be treated as the successor to the transferor" require that the recipient's supplies should be treated as if they had been made by the transferor, for the purpose of determining the transferor's input tax deduction?

2. In the event of "a transfer... of a totality of assets or part thereof" within Article 5(8) of the Sixth VAT Directive, where the Member State, by virtue of national measures adopted pursuant to that article, considers that no supply of goods or services has taken place, may the taxpayer, upon the proper interpretation of Articles 5(8) and 17(2), deduct the whole of the input tax in respect of costs attributable to the transfer, if the taxpayer would, apart from the application of Article 5(8), be obliged to account for output tax on the transfer?

3. Where the economic activity of the transferor prior to the transaction falling within Article 5(8) has been fully taxable, is input tax deductible in respect of a payment made in connection with the termination of that activity?'

20Written observations have been submitted by Abbey National, the United Kingdom and Netherlands Governments and the Commission. Abbey National, the United Kingdom Government and the Commission also presented oral argument at the hearing.

Analysis

The issue

21The three questions as formulated suggest three routes (favoured, it would seem, by Abbey National) by which a solution to the dispute might be reached. However, they are not the only possible routes. A different analysis has been suggested by the Netherlands Government and by the Commission. Therefore, whilst recognising that the considerations engendered by the three questions specifically raised may play a role, I shall address more generally the question: 'Where a Member State has made use of the option in Articles 5(8) and 6(5), so that a transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof is treated as not being a supply of goods or services, is VAT on supplies received in order to make that transfer deductible by the transferor?'

Purpose of Article 5(8)

22When interpreting Article 5(8) and applying it to circumstances such as those of Scottish Mutual, it is helpful to bear in mind the purpose for which it was enacted.

23No specific enlightenment is to be gained from the preamble to the Sixth Directive or to its predecessor, the Second VAT Directive. However, in the Commission's explanatory memorandum to its Proposal for a Sixth Directive, 8 the option was described as being available 'in the interests of simplicity and so as not to overburden the resources of the undertaking'.

24Although the draft provision was narrower than that finally adopted, the purpose is clearly one of convenience. If VAT were charged on the transfer of the assets of a business, considerable sums of money might be immobilised only to be deducted later. The net effect would be nil, but the business might find itself in financially straitened circumstances at the possibly delicate juncture of a change of ownership. A Member State can easily avoid creating such difficulties by implementing Article 5(8), since the overall VAT burden on the business, and the overall amount levied by the revenue authorities, will not be affected.

Transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof

25The question of what constitutes a 'transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof' has not been debated before the Court, although the Netherlands Government has questioned whether the transfer in the present case fell within that definition, and it appears that the VAT and Duties Tribunal considered that there was no evidence that Atholl House was a separate identifiable business activity for the purpose of classifying the sale of the lessee's interest as a 'transfer of a business as a going concern'.

26The transfer of 'a totality of assets', viewed in the context of a supply effected by a taxable person — one who carries on an economic activity — may be seen clearly to refer to the transfer of a business, in its entirety, by means of a transfer of its assets rather than of the shares in the business.

27The concept of 'part of a totality of assets', 9 however, is not as clear. In particular, the question arises as to how a distinction is to be drawn between the transfer of such a part and an ordinary transfer of one or more of the assets of a business, which would normally be a taxable transaction. Community law is silent on the point; no elucidation is to be found in any of the VAT directives, nor has the question hitherto been considered by the Court.

28The solution adopted in the United Kingdom would appear to be a reasonable one: when assets representing a part of a business which is capable of separate operation are transferred in such a way that the transferred business continues as a going concern, the option exercised under Article 5(8) of the Sixth Directive applies and no supply is deemed to have taken place. Those criteria do not appear to place any strain on the broad wording of the Community provision, and whether they are met in a particular case must thus remain a matter for the competent national court.

29The circumstances of the present case involve a transaction which is said to qualify, within the definition applied in the United Kingdom, as a transfer of part of a totality of assets — in other words, of a self-standing part of a business. The fact that the transfer was not of the totality of Scottish Mutual's assets has given rise to some debate in these proceedings as to whether the VAT incurred in effecting the transfer may be in any way attributable to — and deductible in respect of — its retained and continuing property-letting business, or the generality of its business in both the insurance and property-letting sectors. Rather than addressing those questions immediately, however, I find it more helpful to consider first the straightforward situation of a transfer of a totality of assets. It will then be seen to what extent further consideration of the specific circumstances of a transfer of part of the assets of a larger overall business may be required.

Transfer of a totality of assets

30The simplest situation to consider, and that from which the treatment of other situations may be deduced, is that of the transfer of all the assets of a business which is engaged exclusively in making taxable supplies.

31In order to be deductible, VAT must be borne by supplies (inputs) which are used for the purposes of the taxpayer's taxable transactions (outputs). This is clear from the wording of Article 17(2), particularly when viewed in the context of the provision which it replaced — Article 11(1) of the Second Directive, which referred to supplies 'used for the purposes of his undertaking' — and of the proposal for a Sixth Directive, which spoke of supplies 'used for the purposes of his taxable business'. It thus appears that the legislature deliberately chose wording intended to limit the scope of the right to deduct to the situation where inputs are used for the purposes of identifiable taxable transactions. 1 The principle that deductibility is dependent upon attributability is also inherent in the apportionment rules governed by Articles 17(5) and 19.

32Seen in that light, the position of exempt supplies is anomalous in the scheme of VAT, particularly where they are cost components of subsequent taxable supplies. Their full cost, including the VAT levied on inputs, will — presumably — be reflected in the price charged. In that situation, there will be double or cumulative taxation, since VAT will be charged in full on an output one of whose cost components already includes VAT. There is a potentially serious departure from the principle on which VAT is levied in that a chain of supplies may be broken in this manner at more than one point, with a concomitant repetition of cumulative taxation. Such factors suggest that the treatment accorded to exemptions should be applied restrictively; to the extent possible, the VAT treatment of each transaction should conform to the basic principle, in order to avoid distortions.

33That effect of exempt supplies was the basis of the approach followed by the Court in B LP. A management and holding company had sold 95% of the shares in a company which it owned, by an exempt transaction (transactions in shares are compulsorily exempt under Article 13(B)(5)). The purpose of the sale was to raise funds to pay debts deriving from taxable transactions. As in the present case, professional fees were incurred in relation to the sale, and the question arose whether the VAT charged on those fees was deductible. The Court held that, to give rise to a right to deduct, 'the goods or services in question must have a direct and immediate link with the taxable transactions' and thus that 'where a taxable person supplies services to another taxable person who uses them for an exempt transaction, the latter person is not entitled to deduct the input VAT paid, even if the ultimate purpose of the transaction is the carrying out of a taxable transaction'. That ruling was based not only on the wording of the First and Sixth Directives but also on the consideration that it would be contrary to the need for legal certainty and facility of application of the tax to require the revenue authorities to determine the intention of the taxable person when supplies are not objectively linked to taxable transactions.

34However, in other cases the Court has taken what appears to be a broader approach. In Intiem, for example, it held that the right to deduct input tax 'applies to goods and services connected with the pursuit of the taxable person's business'; in Sofitam, it stated that 'the right to deduct must be applied in such a way that its scope corresponds as far as possible to the sphere of the taxable person's business'; and in Ghent Coal it ruled that a taxable person acting as such is entitled to deduct VAT payable on supplies acquired for the purpose of investment work intended to be used in connection with taxable transactions, even where, for reasons beyond the taxable person's control, those taxable transactions were never in fact carried out. Indeed, in BLP itself the Court also stated that if the company had raised the money by way of a bank loan rather than by making an exempt transaction, it could have deducted VAT on professional fees incurred for that purpose since such fees would have constituted overheads which would have formed cost components of its taxable transactions.

35The contrast between those two approaches may be more apparent than real. The reference to cost components in the BLP judgment is a reminder of the basic principle set out in Article 2 of the First Directive: 'On each transaction, value added tax ... shall be chargeable after deduction of the amount of value added tax borne directly by the various cost components.' Thus, what matters is whether the taxed input is a cost component of a taxable output, not whether the most closely-linked transaction is itself taxable. As the Commission submitted at the hearing, the conclusion to be drawn from the BLP judgment is that the question to be asked is not what is the transaction with which the cost component has the most direct and immediate link but whether there is a sufficiently direct and immediate link with a taxable economic activity. Indeed, it may be stressed that in that case the Court was concerned with supplies which were not objectively linked to taxable transactions. Nevertheless, it remains clear from BLP that the 'chain-breaking' effect which is an inherent feature of an exempt transaction will always prevent VAT incurred on supplies used for such a transaction from being deductible from VAT to be paid on a subsequent output supply of which the exempt transaction forms a cost component. The need for a 'direct and immediate link' thus does not refer exclusively to the very next link in the chain but serves to exclude situations where the chain has been broken by an exempt supply.

36The next point to be made is that the transfer of a totality of assets in a Member State which has exercised the option in Article 5(8) is not a taxable transaction. I agree in this regard with the view put forward by both the United Kingdom Government and the Commission at the hearing, that no purpose is to be served by looking at the transfer as a transaction which would normally be taxable. Since it must be deemed not to be a supply at all, it is irrelevant that it would have been a taxable supply had the option not been exercised. Thus, I agree with the Commission that the High Court's second question is not germane to the solution required in the present case.

37Since the transfer is not a taxable supply, it follows inescapably from Article 17(2) of the Sixth Directive that it cannot itself form the basis for deduction of input tax incurred in connection with it.

38However, it is not an exempt supply either. An exempt supply has the effect of breaking the VAT chain. There is no reason to consider that the chain is broken by a transaction in which 'no supply of goods [or services] has taken place'. On the contrary, the stipulation that 'the recipient shall be treated as the successor to the transferor' stresses the continuity of the situation from a VAT point of view. Although — to pursue the metaphor — one link in the chain is deemed not to exist, the fact of that 'missing link' does not imply a break and a recommencement of the chain but rather a sequential relationship between the links on either side of it. In addition, as I have reasoned, the treatment accorded to exemptions should be applied restrictively. Thus it is appropriate to look further in order to see whether the VAT which it is sought to deduct was borne by a supply forming a cost component of some other taxable transaction.

39As a general rule, where the assets of a business are sold, the seller (transferor) will calculate the price so as to pass on any costs incurred in the sale. Those costs will thus, together with any incurred by the buyer (recipient), form part of the cost components of taxable supplies subsequently made. However, VAT borne by supplies in connection with the sale can be deducted by the buyer — the maker of the subsequent taxable supplies — only if it has been paid by him. And if it cannot be deducted, it will give rise — contrary to the basic principle of neutrality which governs the VAT system — to double taxation. To avoid that difficulty the obvious solution is for the VAT to be deductible by the transferor. In that way, moreover, the recipient is placed in the same position as if he had paid all the costs himself and been able to recover the VAT thereon.

40It would in that event be necessary to consider that the transferor's input supplies were acquired for the purposes of the recipient's subsequent taxable outputs, an approach favoured by Abbey National and alluded to in the High Court's first question. The United Kingdom Government has objected that this would involve an unacceptable reversal of the order of succession laid down in Article 5(8), making the transferor the successor to the recipient. That objection does not appear to me to be justified. The approach in question merely postulates that the purpose for which the input is used may be that of the person deemed in these particular circumstances to be the successor to the person acquiring the input, and in no way requires any reversal of the chain.

41However, the reasoning in the last two paragraphs has been predicated to some extent on the assumption of a chronological sequence when determining the relationship between inputs and outputs. In that reasoning, moreover, it makes a difference whether the costs incurred by the transferor in relation to the transfer are passed on to the recipient in the price. But the economic reality of business does not necessarily conform to that chronological assumption — nor indeed is it inherent in the VAT system, since the tax deductible is that 'due or paid in respect of goods or services supplied or to be supplied'.

42According to a broader approach, where a taxable person pursues an economic activity in which he makes wholly taxable supplies, all the goods and services supplied to him for the purposes of that activity are cost components of his outputs and all the VAT borne by them should be deductible. The fact that, from a strict bookkeeping point of view, inputs are not attributed to or even apportioned among particular outputs is of no import here. Clearly not all goods and services consumed by a taxable person will be incorporated directly into an identifiable output. Some will be of the nature of general overheads and, to the extent that those overheads are cost components of taxable supplies, VAT levied on them may be deducted. Many types of overhead may be absorbed by the business as a whole, simply influencing indirectly the range of profit margins sought.

43One such type of overhead includes costs incurred on starting up a business. It is clear from the case-law of the Court that the VAT on such costs may be deducted by the taxable person, even in certain circumstances where there is no output tax for it to be deducted from, with the result that the deduction in fact amounts to a payment by the revenue authority to the taxable person. Under United Kingdom legislation, the same applies to VAT on costs incurred in connection with the termination of a business, and the Commission appeared to accept at the hearing that such an approach is consistent with Community law.

44I agree. The Court stated in Rompel-27 man that 'the deduction system is meant to relieve the trader entirely of the burden of the VAT payable or paid in the course of all his economic activities'. That intention would clearly not be achieved if he were left with a non-deductible VAT bill on winding up his business. In addition, it may be reasoned that from an economic point of view the costs of winding up a business are costs of the business as a whole and thus cost components of the supplies which it makes, even if they are not specifically entered as such in the accounts.

45The transfer of a totality of business assets — particularly where, pursuant to Article 5(8), no supply is deemed to have taken place and the recipient is treated as the successor to the transferor — is not the same as the liquidation of the business and again I must agree with the Commission that the approach adumbrated in the High Court's third question is perhaps not the most apposite. However, as the Commission suggested at the hearing, it may provide a useful analogy. If it is possible to deduct VAT incurred, after the making of the last taxable supplies, in connection with the termination of a business, then the same must equally apply where the business is not wound up but passed on, so that it continues operating and making taxable supplies — in other words, where the step taken is an event in the course of pursuing the business rather than the event which brings it to an end.

46Thus, both approaches lead to the same conclusion: where, in the context of Article 5(8), there is a transfer of the totality of the assets of a business engaged solely in making taxable supplies, the transferor may deduct VAT incurred on inputs received in connection with the transfer because those inputs are attributable to taxable outputs and the chain linking the inputs to the outputs is not broken by an intervening exempt transaction.

47On that basis, it clearly follows from Articles 17(5) and 19 that where the transfer of the totality of assets relates to a business engaged in making both taxable and exempt supplies, any input VAT must be apportioned between them, so that only part of it will be deductible.

Transfer of part of a totality of assets

48The question of apportionment does not present itself in quite as simple a manner where the transfer is of only part of the transferor's assets and where, as in the present case, the transferor is engaged in making both taxable and exempt supplies. Indeed, a further complication appears to arise here, in that the assets transferred represent only a part of the transferor's taxable business which itself is only a part of the whole business.

49However, in the light of the conclusion which I have reached with regard to the transfer of a totality of assets, I think those apparent complexities may be seen to dissipate. To the extent that the VAT on services related to the transfer is deductible, it is because it is attributable to — because there is a direct and immediate link with — supplies made by the part of the business whose assets are transferred. Thus, if those supplies are all taxable, it will be deductible in full, and there will be no need to look any further. Apportionment will come into play if the supplies are partly taxable and partly exempt.

50The only circumstances in which it would be necessary to look to other aspects of the taxable person's business in order to determine apportionment would be if it were considered that, contrary to my view, the VAT in question could not be attributed to the taxable supplies of the part of the business transferred.

51If that were the case, I consider that it would be necessary, before discounting any possibility of deduction, to examine whether ·— as envisaged for example in paragraph 25 of the judgment in BLP — the costs of the transfer were cost components, in the form of overheads, of the supplies which the part transferred formed a smaller made by the business as a whole (here, the part. Such matters would, however, be for insurance business), or by that part of it the competent national court to examine as (here, the property-letting business) of issues of fact.

Conclusion

52Accordingly, in my opinion the Court should give the following answer to the High Court in this case:

Where a Member State has made use of the option in Articles 5(8) and 6(5) of the Sixth VAT Directive, so that a transfer of a totality of assets or part thereof is treated as not being a supply of goods or services, VAT on supplies received in order to make that transfer is deductible by the transferor:

— in full where the assets are those of a business making only taxable supplies;

— in accordance with Articles 17(5) and 19 of the directive where the assets are those of a business making both taxable and exempt supplies.

Notes

(1) Original language: English.

(2) Sixth Council Directive 77/3S8/EEC of 17 May 1977 on the harmonisation or the laws of the Member States relating to turnover taxes — Common system of value added tax: uniform basis of assessment. OJ 1977L 145,p. 1 ("the Sixth Directive').

(3) First Council Directive 67/227/EEC of 11 April 1967 on the harmonisation of legislation of Member States concerning turnover taxes. OJ, English Special Edition 1967, p. 14 ("the Eirst Directive').

(4) In discussions of the relationship between two transactions of which one is a cost component of the other, the former is commonly referred to as an 'input' and the latter as an Output', the VAT on each being referred to respectively as 'input tax' and Output tax'.

(5) Unless otherwise stated, all references to legislative provisions hereinafter will be to articles of the Sixth Directive.

(6) This provision, which seems to have been in force at the material time in the main proceedings, has since been replaced by Article 5(1) of the Value Added Tax (Special Provisions) Order SI 1995/1268, of apparently identical wording, which is referred to in the national proceedings and in the submissions to the Court.

(7) Second Council Directive 67/228/EEC of 11 April 1967 on the harmonisation of the legislations of the Member States concerning turnover taxes — Structure and procedures for application of the common system of value added tax, OJ, English Special Edition 1967, p. 16 ('the Second Directive'). The predecessor to Article 5(8) of the Sixth Directive was a note regarding Article 5(1) in Annex A to the Second Directive, which read: 'In case of contribution to a company of the whole or part of the contributor's assets, Member States may regard the benefiting company as the successor in title of the contributor.'

(8) Bulletin of the European Communities, Supplement 11/73.

(9) And its equivalents in other languages — 'universalité partielle de biens', 'Teilvermögen', 'gedeelte van een alge meenheid van goederen', for example.

(10) Proposal for a Sixth Council Directive on the harmonisation of legislation of Member States concerning turnover taxes — Common system of value added tax: uniform basis of assessment, O J 1973 C 80, p. 1.

(11) Cf. Case C-342/87 Genius Holding v Staatssecretaris van Financiën [19891 ECR 4227, paragraph 12 of the judgment.

(12) The Court has recognised that the terms used to specify the exemptions envisaged by Article 13 are to be interpreted strictly, since they constitute exceptions to the general principle that VAT is levied on all supplies made for consideration by a taxable person; see, for example, Case

(348) /87 Stichting Uitvoering Financiële Acties v Staatssecretaris van Financiën [1989] ECR 1737, paragraph 13 of the judgment, and more recently, the judgment of 7 September 1999 in Case C-216/97 Gregg v Commissioners of Customs and Excise, paragraph 12.

(13) Case C-4/94 BLP Group v Commissioners of Customs and Excise [19951 ECR I-983.

(14) Paragraph 19 of the judgment.

(15) Paragraph 28 and operative part of the judgment.

(16) Paragraph 24 of the judgment.

(20) Paragraph 25 of the judgment.

(21) The position adopted by the Commission at the hearing differed from that presented in its written observations, in which it had argued, essentially, that VAT on inputs directly and immediately linked to a transfer deemed not to be a supply was not deductible. It had, it said at the hearing, been 'swayed by the lucidity' of the Netherlands Government's written observations. However, it may also be noted that a letter from the Commission to Abbey

(17) Case 165/86 Intiem v Staatssecretaris van Financien [1988] ECR 1471, paragraph 13 of the judgment.

(18) Case C-333/91 Sofitam v Ministre chargé du Budget [1993] ECR 1-3513, paragraph 11 of the judgment. National's financial advisers, dated 26 February 1997 and contained in the file forwarded by the High Court, stated that the use of the option in Article 5(8) 'may not lead to a difference in the fiscal treatment of the costs related to this transfer. Any other interpretation would be in contra

(19) _ Case C-37/95 Belgian State v Ghent Coal Terminal [1998] ECR I-1, paragraphs 17 and 24 and operative part of the judgment. See also Case C-110/94 Inzo v Belgian State [1996] ECR I-857, paragraphs 20 and 21. diction with the principle of the neutrality of the tax and would be contradictory with the general principles of the VAT system.'

(22) Set· paragraph 24 of the judgment.

(23) I agree here with the Opinion delivered on 30 September

(199) 9 by Advocate General Saggio in Case C-98/98 Commissioners of Customs and Excise v Midland Bank, [2000] ECR I-4177, I-4179, at point 29, where he considers that the words 'direct' and 'immediate' refer to a 'particularly close link' between two transactions, in which no third transaction has taken place 'breaking the causal chain'.

(24) See BLP paragraph 25 of the judgment. ,

(25) See Case 268/83 Rompelman v Minister van Financiën [1985] ECR 655, together with Ghent Coal and Inzo, both cited in note 18, and, most recently, the judgment of

(21) March 2000 in Joined Cases C-110/98 to C-147/98 Gabalfrisa and Others v Agenda Estatal de Administración Tributaria.

(26) See section 94(5) of the Value Added Tax Act 1994.

(27) Cited in note 25; paragraph 19 of the judgment.